Irezumi (入れ墨, lit. "inserting ink") are traditional Japanese tattoos. Irezumi is the Japanese word for tattoo, and Japanese tattooing has had its own distinct style created over centuries. Irezumi is done by hand, using wooden handles and metal needles attached via silk thread. This method also requires special ink called Nara ink (zumi). It is a painful and time-consuming process, done by a limited number of specialists. The tattoo artist is called a Horishi, and usually has one or more apprentices working for him for a long period of time. They were admired figures of bravery and roguish sex-appeal, which inspired imitation. At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government outlawed tattoos, and Irezumi took on connotations of criminality. Many yakuza and other criminals now avoid tattoos for this very reason.
Etymology
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In Japanese, irezumi literally means 'inserting ink' and it can be written in several ways, most commonly as 入れ墨. Synonyms include bunshin (文身, lit. "patterning the body"), shisei (刺é', lit. "piercing with blue"), and gei (黥, lit. "tattooing"). Each of these synonyms can also be read as irezumi, which is a gikun reading of these kanji. Tattoos are also sometimes called horimono (彫り物, lit. 'carving').
History of Japanese tattoos
Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes in Japan is thought to extend back to at least the JÅmon or paleolithic period (approximately 10,000 BC). Some scholars have suggested that the distinctive cord-marked patterns observed on the faces and bodies of figures dated to that period represent tattoos, but this claim is not unanimously accepted. There are similarities, however, between such markings and the tattoo traditions observed in other contemporaneous cultures.
In the following Yayoi period (c. 300 BCâ€"300 AD) tattoo designs were observed and remarked upon by Chinese visitors. Such designs were thought to have spiritual significance as well as functioning as a status symbol. But there is also evidence to the contrary. According to Kojiki, there was no tattoo tradition on the ancient Japanese mainland and people with tattoo traditions were recognized as aliens. And there is a record in Nihon shoki that only Ainu people get tattoos.
Starting in the Kofun period (300â€"600 AD) tattoos began to assume negative connotations. Instead of being used for ritual or status purposes, tattooed marks began to be placed on criminals as a punishment.
Ainu tattoos
The Ainu people, an indigenous people of Japan, are known to have used tattoos for decorative and social purposes. There is no known relation to the development of irezumi.
Japanese tattoos in the Edo period
Until the Edo period (1600â€"1868 AD), the role of tattoos in Japanese society fluctuated. Tattooed marks were still used as punishment, but minor fads for decorative tattoos, some featuring designs that would be completed only when lovers' hands were joined, also came and went. It was in the Edo period however, that Japanese decorative tattooing began to develop into the advanced art form it is known as today.
The impetus for the development of the art were the development of the art of woodblock printing and the release of the popular Chinese novel Suikoden, a tale of rebel courage and manly bravery illustrated with lavish woodblock prints showing men in heroic scenes, their bodies decorated with dragons and other mythical beasts, flowers, ferocious tigers and religious images. The novel was an immediate success, and demand for the type of tattoos seen in its illustrations was simultaneous.
Woodblock artists began tattooing. They used many of the same tools for imprinting designs in human flesh as they did to create their woodblock prints, including chisels, gouges and, most importantly, unique ink known as Nara ink, or Nara black, the ink that famously turns blue-green under the skin. There is academic debate over who wore these elaborate tattoos. Some scholars say that it was the lower classes who woreâ€"and flauntedâ€"such tattoos. Others claim that wealthy merchants, barred by law from flaunting their wealth, wore expensive irezumi under their clothes. It is known for certain that irezumi became associated with firemen, dashing figures of bravery and roguish sex-appeal, who wore them as a form of spiritual protection.
Tattoos in modern Japan
At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government, wanting to protect its image and make a good impression on the West and to avoid ridicule, outlawed tattoos, and irezumi took on connotations of criminality. Nevertheless, fascinated foreigners went to Japan seeking the skills of tattoo artists, and traditional tattooing continued underground. Tattooing was legalized by the occupation forces in 1948, but has retained its image of criminality. For many years, traditional Japanese tattoos were associated with the yakuza, Japan's notorious mafia, and many businesses in Japan (such as public baths, fitness centers and hot springs) still ban customers with tattoos.
Although tattoos have gained popularity among the youth of Japan due to Western influence, there is still a stigma on them among the general consensus. Unlike the US, even finding a tattoo shop in Japan may prove difficult, with tattoo shops primarily placed in areas that are very tourist or US military friendly. According to Kunihiro Shimada, the president of the Japan Tattoo Institute, "Today, thanks to years of government suppression, there are perhaps 300 tattoo artists in Japan."
There are even current political repercussions for tattoos in Japan. In 2012, the then mayor of Osaka, Toru Hashimoto, started a campaign to rid companies of their employees with tattoos. According to an article written about Hashimoto "He is on a mission to force workers in his government to admit to any tattoos in obvious places. If they have them, they should remove themâ€"or find work elsewhere." Hashimoto's beliefs were fairly well received by the public as well, with many large companies who were already "tattoo-phobic", siding with him.
Modern tattoos in Japan are done similarly to Western ones. Unlike traditional irezumi, where the majority of the tattoo decision making is left up to the artist, customers bring in a design of their choice or can decide on what they would like at the shop. Many Japanese artists are well-versed in multiple styles besides traditional Japanese tattoos, giving customers the ability to select from a wide assortment of options, anywhere from tribal to new age styles. Modern tattoos are done via an electric machine, in which the ink can be inserted into the machine or the needle tip can be dipped into ink for application. Japanese artists are lauded for their quality of work, despite being a bit pricey, and are highly sought after. "Despite widespread discrimination towards people with tattoos, with rules that prohibit tattooed people into hot springs, golf courses and gyms, it is still one of the best places in the world to get the best quality ink jobs."
Despite the majority of modern tattooing being done by needle and machine, irezumi is still done traditionally. The ancient tattoo style is still done by specialist tattooists, who might be difficult to find. Unlike western-style tattoo artists, the majority of traditional irezumi artists aren't located in the Tokyo area. It is painful, time-consuming and expensive: a typical traditional body suit (covering the arms, back, upper legs and chest, but leaving an untattooed space down the center of the body) can take one to five years of weekly visits to complete and cost in excess of US$30,000. The process is also much more formal than western tattooing. Whereas western tattoo artists tend to do exactly what the customer wants, traditional irezumi artists tend to go back and forth with the customer and discuss what they would like the tattoo to look like as well as reserve the right to refuse service. Rather than electric machines, wooden handles and metal needles attached via silk thread are utilized.
Process
The prospective tattooee must first find a traditional tattoo artist. This in itself can be a daunting task (though it has been made easier by advent of the Internet) because such artists are often surprisingly secretive, and introductions are frequently made by word of mouth only.
Traditional tattoo artists train for many years under a master. They will sometimes live in the master's house, and may spend years cleaning the studio, observing, practicing on their own flesh, making the needles and other tools required, mixing inks, and painstakingly copying designs from the master's book before they are allowed to tattoo clients. They must master all the intricate skillsâ€"unique styles of shading, the techniques used for tattooing by handâ€"required to create the tattoos their clients will request. They will usually be given a tattoo name by their master, most often incorporating the word "hori" (to engrave) and a syllable derived from the master's own name or some other significant word. In some cases, the apprentice will take the master's name, and will become The Second or Third (and so on).
After an initial consultation during which the client will discuss with the tattooist the designs they are interested in, the work begins with the tattooing of the outline. This will usually be done in one sitting, often freehand (without the use of a stencil), which may require several hours to complete. When the outline is complete, the shading and colouring is done in weekly visits, whenever the client has money to spare. When the tattoo is finished, the artist will "sign" his name in a space reserved for that purpose, most often somewhere on the back.
Wearers of traditional tattoos frequently keep their art secret, as tattoos are still seen as a sign of criminality in Japan, particularly by older people and in the work place. Many yakuza and other criminals themselves now avoid tattoos for this very reason.
Glossary of Japanese tattoo terms
- Bokukei, bokkei (墨åˆ'): punishment by tattooing.
- Donburi SÅshinbori: full body tattoo without the opening
- Gobu (äº"分): 5/10 sleeve tattoo, to above the elbow
- Hanebori (羽彫り, literally to carve with a feather: a hand-tattooing technique employing a feathering motion.
- Hanzubon: tattooed shorts; inner thigh filled completely with tattoo work
- Hikae: Chest panel tattoo
- Horimono (彫り物, 彫物, literally carving, engraving): tattoo. This is another word for traditional Japanese tattoos.
- Horishi (彫り師, 彫物師): a tattoo artist.
- Irebokuro (入れé»'å): from ire or ireru, which means to insert, and bokuro or hokuro, a beauty spot.
- Irezumi (入れ墨, 入墨, 刺é', 文身, 黥): tattoo (noun or verb)
- Kakushibori (éš ã—彫り, literally hidden carving): tattooing near the armpits, the inside of the thighs and other "hidden" body areas. Also refers to the tattooing of hidden words, for example among the petals of flowers.
- Katabori: not tattooed armpit shaped in triangle
- Kebori (毛彫り): the tattooing of fine lines or of hair on tattooed figures.
- Koban gata: not tattooed armpit shaped in round
- Munewari (胸割り): chest tattoo with the opening in the middle
- Munewari SÅshinbori (胸割りç·èº«å½«ã‚Š): full body tattoo with the opening on the chest
- Nagasode (長袖): Arm tattoo, to the wrist
- Shakki: the sound needles make when they puncture the skin.
- Shichibu (七分): 7/10 sleeve tattoo, to the mid forearm
- Sujibori (ç‹å½«ã‚Š): outlining, the outline of a tattoo.
- Sumi (墨): The ink used to tattoo, traditionally mixed by the apprentice
- Taubushi: armpit full tattooed
- Tebori (手彫り, literally to carve by hand: describes the technique of tattooing by hand.
- Tsuki-bori (çªã彫り): a hand-tattooing technique employing a thrusting motion.
- Yobori (洋彫り): "Yo" (Western) tattooing. The Japanese-English slang term for tattooing done with the machine.
Common motifs
Some common images in traditional Japanese tattoos include:
- Mythological beasts and monsters: Dragons, Kirin, Baku, Foo Dogs, HÅ-Å (鳳凰)
- Animals: Birds, Koi, Tigers, Snakes
- Flowers: Peonies, Cherry Blossoms, Lotuses, Chrysanthemums
- Other plants: Bamboo, Maple leaves
- Characters from traditional folklore and literature, such as the Suikoden
- Images of the "Floating World" inspired by ukiyo-e prints: geisha, samurai
- Buddhas and Buddhist deities such as FudÅ MyÅ-Å and Kannon
- Shinto kami (deities) such as tengu
- Backgrounds: clouds, waves, wind bars.
See also
- Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan
- Criminal tattoos
- TÅyama no Kin-san
- Yakuza
References
Further reading
- Andrews, Joshua. The Art of Tattooing. howtotattoo.net, 2008.
- Fellman, Sandi. The Japanese Tattoo. New York: Abbeville Press, 1986. ISBNÂ 0-89659-798-9, ISBNÂ 0-89659-661-3.
- Richie, Donald, and Ian Buruma. The Japanese Tattoo. New York: Weatherhill, 1980. ISBNÂ 0-8348-0149-3.
External links
- Japanese Traditional Art with World-Class Appeal -Irezumi・TATTOO-“Oukoshiseiâ€â€"Irezumi by Horiyoshi III
- Epic Ink: How Japanese Warrior Prints Popularized the Full-Body Tattoo Collectors Weekly
- Irezumi and the art of story telling
- Yakuza Tattoo's Explained
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